Immediate and Late Effect of Cryotherapy on Balance

Immediate and Late Effect of Cryotherapy on Balance immediate and late effect of cryotherapy on balance IN HEALTHY SUBJECTs Abstract Background: cryotherapy application is commonly used as a physical therapy tools with many known advantage, however several research have reported decrease in subject balance which affect quality of movement following cryotherapy application, therefore the purpose of study to investigate the immediate and late effect of cryotherapy on ankle dominant joint on static balance and test the difference in static balance change between both sexes. Methods: thirty normal subjects, Subjects had their static balance tested during two conditions: (1) an experimental condition where the subject received the cryotherapy application by using cooled gel pack to the dominant ankle joint for 15 minutes immediately before static balance testing and (2) a control condition finished at room temperature. The order of testing condition was randomized by using a coin flip. Biodex balance system was used to measure static balance. Result: analysis of data using ANOVA and unpaired test ,show insignificantly statistically effect in all aspect of static balance within female group with p value of overall stability index =0.669,Anterior/posterior stability index =0.196 and medial/lateral stability index =0.989,insignificantly statistically effect in all aspect of static balance within male group with p value of overall stability index =0.382,Anterior/posterior stability index =0.552 and Medial/lateral stability index =0.46 and insignificant statistically difference between male and female in all aspect of static balance. Conclusion: The result of current study suggest that fifteen minutes of cold gel pack on ankle dominant extremity have no effect on static balance on both sexes . Key words: static balance, cryotherapy Introduction: cryotherapy therapy is a popular non-pharmacological intervention, The term cryotherapy was used in year 1908 by A.W. Pusey to describe the treatment of skin injuries with low temperatures[1,2] , The primary aim of cryotherapy is the removal of heat energy from the site of injury, in order to facilitate a therapeutic effect [3] by produces a number of physiological effects to the human body including a reduction in blood flow, edema, hemorrhage[4], cellular metabolic rate, hypoxia, enzymatic activity and tissue damage[5]. Cryotherapy has also been demonstrated to significantly increase the pain threshold and pain tolerance by reducing nerve conduction velocity and muscle spasm [6]. Cryotherapy often used in athletic and rehabilitation cases to manage injury during the immediate and rehabilitative phases [7]. Cryotherapy treats the muscle damage caused by High-intensity exercise including predominantly eccentric activity, unaccustomed activity, and exercise of long duration and/or high intensity which has been shown to induce an inflammatory response [8]. In spite of the characterized treatment advantage of cryotherapy, there are reduction in subjects performance variables are likely to occur after returning to normal movement immediately after cryotherapy application,[9]especially , decrease speed of running, muscle strength speed and agility measures have been noted after cryotherapy application over many anatomical areas and studies[10,11]. The ability to conserve postural control or balance is important for the correct carrying out of all daily activity ranging from standing and walking to sitting and standing from a chair [12]. Possessing the ability to conserve several positions, to react automatically to voluntary movements of the body, and to react to external disturbance represents a postural control domain needed in daily life [13]. The maintenance of balance is important in the prevention of injuries and this ability depends on proprioceptive input from capsuloligamentous and musculotendinous mechanoreceptors in combining with vestibular and visual input to the central nervous system (CNS)[14,15] . This input used in feedback and feed-forward loops to provide the proper neuromuscular response [16-17]. Variations in any of these inputs would disturb balance and increase the risk of injury [18]. There is also growing awareness that rehabilitation using cryotherapy has deleterious effects on balance, or return patients to their previous functional levels [19, 20].Quality of movement is important as strength of movement, and the key of movement quality is balance [21]. Even if a patient has regained full strength and range of motion, if they still have poor balance and proprioception, they are at risk for re-injury. During the management of acute distortion, cryotherapy is commended after the injury and in rehabilitation, ice application is supposed to promote the beginning of active exercise and its progression [7]. In practice it can happen that sportsmen are sent back to exercising or competition immediately after cryotherapy. Although the question is controversially discussed, if physical activities after ice application can be re-established without risk or increase liability to injury. This study takes up the problems if cryotherapy application at the ankle disrupts static balance so that an increased risk of injury could result and the study also clarify the immediate and late effect and test the difference in static balance between both sex. Methodology The current study was conducted at biomechanics laboratory at faculty of physical therapy, modern university, in the period from December 2015 to April 2016 to investigate the immediate and late effect of cryotherapy application on dominant ankle joint on static standing balance and test the difference in static balance between both sexes. Design of study Cross over (single repeated measurements) design used in this study to determine the immediate and late effect of cryotherapy application on dominant ankle joint on static standing balance and test the difference in the static standing balance between both sexes. Subjects A sample of thirty healthy normal subjects (fifteen male and fifteen female), subjects were recruited using publically distributed posters and by online social media. Subjects had their static balance examined during two situations: (1) an experimental situation where the subject received the cryotherapy application by using cooled gel pack to the dominant ankle joint for fifteen minutes immediately before static balance testing and (2) a control situation finished at room temperature. The order of examining situation was randomized by using a coin flip. Participant finished the control situation first immediately finished the experimental situation following assessment. Participants randomized to the cryotherapy situation first had the control session arranged at a separate time to confirm no lingering effects remain from the cryotherapy procedures. Subjects participate in the current study after approval of ethical committee of faculty of physical therapy, Cairo University with number P.T.REC/012/001035 and all subjects provided written informed consent. Subjects were included if their age range from 18 to 40 years [22] free from musculoskeletal diseases and neurological diseases affecting the lower limb. Excluded if had musculoskeletal disorders in lower limb, had infected skin diseases and loss of sensation, had Metabolic or vascular disease with neurological component such as diabetes, had previous ankle operation and had recent injury of ankle joint. Instrumentation Measurement instrumentation The device used in this study (Biodex Medical Systems Inc., Shirley, New York, USA) was a foot platform (circular in shape with a diameter of 21.5΄, which permits up to 20 ° tilting from horizontal in all directions), support rails that were adjustable from 25΄ to 36.5΄ above the platform, and could be swung away if desired, a display module whose height was adjustable from 53΄ to 68΄ above the platform and angle was adjustable from vertical back to 45 °, with a display viewing area of 24.8 ÃÆ'- 18.4 cm and a printer. This testing machine has 12 dynamic levels plus locked for static measurements [23]. Stability indexesthe stability index represents the variance of platform displacement in degrees from level. An increase in number indicate considerable motion, which indicates a problem with balance [24] . The participants ability to control the platforms angle of tilt was measured by the system and noted as a stability index. The data on the balance of the tested participants were supplied to the system. These data included anteroposterior stability index (APSI), mediolateral stability index (MLSI), and overall stability index (OSI). The smaller the amount of sway, the lower the numerical value of these indexes [24]. OSI: represented the variance of foot platform displacement in degrees, from level, in all motions during the test. A high number was indicative of considerable movement during this test. APSI: represented the variance of foot platform displacement, in degrees, from level, for motion in the sagittal plane. MLSI: represented the variance of foot platform displacement, in degrees from level, for motion in the frontal plane [24] . Therapeutic instrumentation: Reusable cold gel pack 25.4 x 48.1 cm. 5 +/- degree C [25] was frozen and wrapped with a towel and supported with elastic strap around the ankle joint of dominant lower extremity. Procedure Each participant received a verbal explanation about the test steps. When the system was on, the first displayed screen was the main menu. It allowed us to choose entering testing, training, or system utilities. Choosing to enter testing showed the next screen, which allowed determination of the test parameters such as test duration and the stability level chosen. The weight and height of the participant were recorded and the next screen was used for the centering process. The next screen was the stability test screen, where the start key was pressed to lock or unlock the platform and begin the test. A cursor appeared during the test tracing the movement of the platform while the clock counted till the time of the test ends. The next screen showed a menu. The examiner chooses the numeric report option on this screen to allow the participants numeric screen appear. Pressing start while on this screen initiates printing of the report, which includes the numeric values of the APSI, MLSI , and OSI (operation and service manual). Step 1: balance assessmentthe participants were tested without footwear and asked to perform two test trials before a specific test condition for the purpose of instrument familiarity before data collection. Then, the participant was first asked to assume the test position (standing on dominant foot) with arms held at the sides, eye closed and to attempt to control his/her balance as much as possible. Each participant was asked to center him/herself on the foot platform before starting the test. The test parameters introduced into the device were: Participants age , weight and height Stability level: all participants were tested on stability level 0 for 15 s. Then, the start key was pressed in the control panel (which took 5 s) with an auditory alarm just before the beginning of the test. The participant was instructed that the test was started just after the alarm. Each participant was instructed to maintain his/her balance for the period of the test. Three trials were performing prior to the measurement. There was report obtained at the end of each test include information on OSI, APSI, and MLSI. Step 2: cryotherapy application Reusable cold gel pack 25.4 x 48.1 cm. 5 +/- degree C was employed as the cryotherapy modality in this study. Application duration will be 15 minutes. Wrapping of pack by towel will applied all around ankle joint of domain extremity with towel in between .Two elastic straps will used to secure the ice pack. The subject will asked to relax during cryotherapy application to limit activity of muscle and lessen any change in temperature of tissue.Step 3: balance reassessmentthe participant was asked to repeat the same balance testing procedures directly after cryotherapy application, 30 minutes later and 60 minutes later to measure post OSI, MLSI, and APSI. Statistical analysis All statistical analysis were carried out by using SPSS,version 23 for windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago,Illinois,USA.the normality of data distribution was tested through the Shapiro-wilk test.Descriptive data for participants, characteristics was calculated as the mean, standard deviation and range minimum maximum of measured variables, ANOVA tests used to compare between pretest and posttest. Unpaired test used to compare between male and female. Level of significant will set at Results: General characteristics of the subjects: In this study, thirty subjects were assigned randomly, the range of the ages is between 18 to 40 years overall. There was no statistically significant differences between the groups in their ages as the p-value are 0.412. The range of the weight is between 50 to 105 kg. There was no statistically significant differences between the groups in their weight as the p-value are 0.214. The range of the Height is between 156 to 195 cm. There was no statistically significant differences between the groups in their weight as the p-value are 0.366. Table (1): Demographics Distribution Items Male Female Comparison Significant Mean ±SD Mean ±SD T-value P-value Age (years) 26.4  ± 6.08 25.533  ± 5.41 0.412 0.682 No Significant Weight (Kg) 70.89  ± 14.57 77.2  ± 5.41 -1.270 0.214 No Significant Height (cm) 165.27  ± 4.57 166.66  ± 6.41 -0.411 0.366 No Significant Figure. (1): Demographics Distribution As for the gender distribution, 15 subjects (50%) were male and 15 subjects (50%) were females. In addition, 26 subjects (86.7%) had their dominant right leg tested, and 4 subjects (13.3%) had their dominant left leg tested. Static Balance Pre-test The results are shown using the following table (2) and illustrated in figure (2). 1) Overall Stability Index Independent t-test was used to show difference between pretest for females and males. The female mean value of overall stability index (3.47à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.42) was significantly different from (5.04à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±2.31) with t test = -2.242 and p value = 0.033*. 2) A/P Stability Index Independent t-test was used to show difference between pretest for females and males. The female mean value of A/P Stability index (2.41 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 0.85) was significantly different from (3.393à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.65) with t test = -2.157 and p value = 0.043. 3) M/L Stability Index Independent t-test was used to show difference between pretest for females and males. The female mean value of M/L Stability index (2.01 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.08) was insignificantly different from (2.99à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.72) with t test = -1.887 and p value = 0.072. Table (2): The pre-test results for the Stability Indices Static Stability Index Overall Stability Index A/P Stability Index M/L Stability Index Pre-test for Females 3.67à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.41 2.407à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.85 2.01à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.08 Pre-test for Males 5.04à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±2.3 3.39à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.65 2.99à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.72 Independent t-value p value -2.492 0.033* Significant -2.157 0.045* Significant -1.884 0.072 Insignificant Data are expressed as mean  ± SD. P> 0.05= insignificant. *P Figure (2): The pre-test results for the Stability Indices Static B) Within Group (Females) The results are shown using the following table (3) and illustrated in figure (3).ANOVA F-test was used to show difference between pre and post-test in the stability indices. Overall Stability Index: The mean value was pretest (3.47à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.42) when compared with its corresponding no significant difference after assessment immediately (3.78à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.868), after 30 minutes (3.41 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 2.27), and after 60 minutes (4.29 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 2.86) with f test = 0.521 and p value = 0.66. A/P Stability Index: The mean value was pretest (2.41 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 0.85) when compared with its corresponding no significant difference after assessment immediately (2.47 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.52), after 30 minutes (2.14 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.27), and after 60 minutes (3.27 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.43) with f test = 1.616 and p value = 0.196. M/L Stability Index: The mean value was pretest (2.01 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.08) when compared with its corresponding no significant difference after assessment immediately (2.2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.07), after 30 minutes (2.12 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.84), and after 60 minutes (2.13 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.98) with f test = 0.04 and p value = 0.989. Table (3): The mean values and S.D of Stability Indices before starting and after the test for Females Static Data of evaluations Overall Stability Index A/P Stability Index M/L Stability Index Pre-test 3.47 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.42 2.41 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.85 2.01à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.08 Post-Immediate 3.73 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.868 2.47à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.52 2.2à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.07 Post-30 minutes 3.41 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 2.27 2.14à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.27 2.12à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.84 Post-60 minutes 4.29 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 2.86 3.27à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.43 2.13à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.98 F-value ANOVA 0.521 1.616 0.04 p value 0.669 Insignificant Difference 0.196 Insignificant Difference 0.989 Insignificant Difference Data are expressed as mean  ± SD. P> 0.05= insignificant. *P Figure (3): The mean values and S.D of Stability Indices before starting and after the test for Females Static D) Within groups (Males) The results are shown using the following table (4) and illustrated in figure (4). ANOVA F-test was used to show the difference between post-test in the stability indices. Overall Stability Index: The mean value was pretest (5.04à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±2.3) when compared with its corresponding no significant difference after assessment immediately (5.01à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.765), after 30 minutes (4.42à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±2.22), and after 60 minutes (3.95à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.56) with f test = 1.039and p value = 0.382. A/P Stability Index: The mean value was pretest (3.39à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.69) when compared with its corresponding no significant difference after assessment immediately (3.4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.42), after 30 minutes (3.11à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.78), and after 60 minutes (2.67à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.416) with f test = 0.707and p value = 0.525. M/L Stability Index: The mean value was pretest (2.99à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.72) when compared with its corresponding no significant difference after assessment immediately (3.02à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.28), after 30 minutes (2.52à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.55), and after 60 minutes (2.33à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.02) with f test = 0.874and p value = 0.46. Table (4): The mean values and S.D of Stability Indices before starting and after the test for Males Static Data of evaluations Overall Stability Index A/P Stability Index M/L Stability Index Pre-test 5.04à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±2.31 3.39à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.65 2.99à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.72 Post-Immediate 5.01à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.765 3.4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.42 3.02à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.28 Post-30 minutes 4.42à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 2.229 3.11à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.78 2.52à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.55 Post-60 minutes 3.95à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.56 2.67à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.42 2.33à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 1.02 F-value ANOVA 1.039 0.707 0.874 p value 0.382 Insignificant Difference 0.552 Insignificant Difference 0.46 Insignificant Difference Data are expressed as mean  ± SD. P> 0.05= insignificant. * P Figure (4): The mean values and S.D of Stability Indices before starting and after the test for Males Static D) Post test results Static The results are shown using the following table (5) and illustrated in figure (5). Independent t-test was used to show difference between post-test in the stability indices. 1) Overall Stability Index Independent t-test was used to show difference between immediately post-test for females and males. The female mean value of overall stability index (3.73  ± 1.868) was insignificantly different from (5.01  ± 1.765) with t test = -1.913and p value = 0.063. Independent t-test was used to show difference between 30 minutes post-test for females and males. The female mean value of overall stability index (3.41  ± 2.27) was insignificantly different from (4.42  ± 2.229) with t test = -1.227and p value = 0.23. Independent t-test was used to show difference between 60 minutes post-test for females and males. The female mean value of overall stability index (4.29  ± 2.86) was insignificantly different from (3.95  ± 1.56) with t test = 0.415 and p value = 0.682. Stability Index Immediate 30 Minutes 60 Minutes Overall Stability Index Post-test for Females 3.73  ± 1.868 3.41  ± 2.27 4.29  ± 2.86 Post-test for Males 5.01  ± 1.765 4.42  ± 2.229 3.95  ± 1.56 Independent t-value p value -1.913 0.063 Insignificant -1.227 0.23 Insignificant 0.415 0.682 Insignificant Table (5.a): The mean values and S.D of Overall Stability Index post-test for both Females and Males-Static Data are expressed as mean  ± SD. P> 0.05= insignificant. * P Figure (5.a): The mean values and S.D of Overall Stability Index post-test for both Females and Males-Static 2) A/P Stability Index Independent t-test was used to show difference between immediate post-test for females and males. The female mean value of A/P Stability index (2.47  ± 1.52) was insignificantly different from (3.4  ± 1.42) with t test = -1.699and p value = 0.1. Independent t-test was used to show difference between 30 minutes post-test for females and males. The female mean value of A/P stability index (2.14  ±1.27) was insignificantly different from (3.11  ± 1.78) with t test = -1.723and p value = 0.096. A/P Stability Index Immediate 30 Minutes 60 Minutes A/P Stability Index Post-test for Females 2.47  ± 1.52 2.14  ± 1.27 3.27  ± 1.43 Post-test for Males 3.4  ±1.42 3.11  ± 1.78 2.67  ± 1.42 Independent t-value p value -1.699 0.1 Insignificant -1.723 0.096 Insignificant -0.925 0.363 Insignificant Independent t-test was used to show difference between 60 Minutes post-test for females and males. The female mean value of A/P stability index (3.27  ± 1.43) was insignificantly different from (2.67  ± 1.42) with t test = -0.925 and p value = 0.363. Table (5.b): The mean values and S.D of A/P Stability Index post-test for both Females and Males-Static Data are expressed as mean  ± SD. P> 0.05= insignificant. * P Figure (5.b): The mean values and S.D of A/P Stability Index post-test for both Females and Males-Static 3) M/L Stability Index Independent t-test was used to show difference between immediate post-test for females and males. The female mean value of M/L Stability index (2.2 ±1.07) was insignificantly different from (3.02  ± 1.28) with t test = -1.898and p value = 0.068. Independent t-test was used to show difference between 30 Minutes post-test for females and males. The female mean value of M/L stability index (2.12  ± 1.84) was insignificantly different from (2.52  ± 1.55) with t test = -0.656and p value = 0.518. Independent t-test was used to show difference between 60 Minutes post-test for females and males. The female mean value of M/L stability index (2.13  ± 1.98) was insignificantly different from (2.33  ± 1.02) with t test =0.097and p value = 0.729. Table (5.c): The mean values and S.D of M/L Stability Index post-test for both Females and Males-Static M/L Stability Index Immediate 30 Minutes 60 Minutes M/L Stability Index Post-test for Females 2.2  ± 1.07 2.12  ± 1.84 2.13  ±1.98 Post-test for Males 3.02  ± 1.28 2.52  ± 1.55 2.33  ± 1.02 Independent t-value p value -1.898 0.068 Insignificant -0.656 0.518 Insignificant 0.097 0.729 Insignificant Data are expressed as mean  ± SD. P> 0.05= insignificant. * P Figure (5.c): The mean values and S.D of M/L Stability Index post-test for both Females and Males-Static Discussion: The purposes of the study were To determine the immediate and late effect of cryotherapy on the dominant ankle joint on static balance and To determine the difference in static balance changes between both sexes. Our result revealed that the females have significant difference in static balance than male when measured before application of cold gel pack to ankle dominant extremity with p value of overall stability index = 0.033 , p value of A/P stability index=0.043 and not for ML stability index with p value of =0.072. Our result revealed that after using cold gel pack to ankle dominant extremity for 15 minutes has no statistically significant difference on all aspect of static balance in female group. In over stability index there was no statistically significant difference after assessment immediately, after 30 minutes and after 60 minutes with p value =0.66. In over A/P stability index there was no statistically significant difference after assessment immediately, after 30 minutes and after 60 minutes with p value =0.196. and In over M/L stability index there was no statistically significant difference after assessment immediately,

The Modern Women Essay -- Gender Roles, Blaxploitation

Common misrepresentations of women are said to be that they are weak and inferior to men in which American society continuously place women in these roles within domestic, political, economic, and social settings. The public rarely pays tribute to the feminine heroine because she is unrecognized and unseen in American culture. However, during the 1960s to 1970s, African-American female representation has changed the way we define femininity and the modern woman through the genre known as Blaxploitation. Blaxploitation was a genre created for the black and urban audiences which highlighted black unity and empowerment. With this, the â€Å"ideal† black woman has changed. Through the workings of Edward Guerrero, Eithne Quinn, and Yvonne Sims, I am going to explain the key origins and definitions of Blaxploitation in which Guerrero takes a socioeconomic standpoint and Quinn and Sims value a more social view. With Quinn’s and Sims’s point-of-views, I will argue that B laxploitation have altered the ideas of African-American female representation in which characters like Foxy Brown have assumed masculine traits, thus, making her a stronger female. Lastly, I will discuss what Guerrero is missing in relation to the black female representation compared the real world. According to Edward Guerrero, the origins of Blaxploitation occurred during the Civil Rights Movement as a film strategy for the deteriorating film industry. During 1960, profits from the box office decreased from $60 million to $15 million; however, in 1967, one-third of the black population added to the box office gross and Hollywood used this fact towards making a profit .The large African-American population within the movie industry was due to their desire to spectate black... ...tion and is only limited to his socioeconomic argument. Although authors like Guerrero, Quinn, and Sims have different observations of their origins and definitions of Blaxploitation, they can all agree the notion of how it was popular among African-American audiences. Guerrero argues that Blaxploitation was a mockery of Black Nationalism and was created for the sole-purpose of profit of Hollywood. Also, Quinn believes that Blaxploitation was created after the Civil Rights movement to highlight individualism and needs of the powerful black male in which these traits portrays the male as violent and sexual; and lastly, Sims adheres to the idea that female characters later embodied these traits to illustrate the important of women in film. Unlike Quinn and Sims, Guerrero does not see the important of the gender dynamics of the black heroine within Blaxploitation. The Modern Women Essay -- Gender Roles, Blaxploitation Common misrepresentations of women are said to be that they are weak and inferior to men in which American society continuously place women in these roles within domestic, political, economic, and social settings. The public rarely pays tribute to the feminine heroine because she is unrecognized and unseen in American culture. However, during the 1960s to 1970s, African-American female representation has changed the way we define femininity and the modern woman through the genre known as Blaxploitation. Blaxploitation was a genre created for the black and urban audiences which highlighted black unity and empowerment. With this, the â€Å"ideal† black woman has changed. Through the workings of Edward Guerrero, Eithne Quinn, and Yvonne Sims, I am going to explain the key origins and definitions of Blaxploitation in which Guerrero takes a socioeconomic standpoint and Quinn and Sims value a more social view. With Quinn’s and Sims’s point-of-views, I will argue that B laxploitation have altered the ideas of African-American female representation in which characters like Foxy Brown have assumed masculine traits, thus, making her a stronger female. Lastly, I will discuss what Guerrero is missing in relation to the black female representation compared the real world. According to Edward Guerrero, the origins of Blaxploitation occurred during the Civil Rights Movement as a film strategy for the deteriorating film industry. During 1960, profits from the box office decreased from $60 million to $15 million; however, in 1967, one-third of the black population added to the box office gross and Hollywood used this fact towards making a profit .The large African-American population within the movie industry was due to their desire to spectate black... ...tion and is only limited to his socioeconomic argument. Although authors like Guerrero, Quinn, and Sims have different observations of their origins and definitions of Blaxploitation, they can all agree the notion of how it was popular among African-American audiences. Guerrero argues that Blaxploitation was a mockery of Black Nationalism and was created for the sole-purpose of profit of Hollywood. Also, Quinn believes that Blaxploitation was created after the Civil Rights movement to highlight individualism and needs of the powerful black male in which these traits portrays the male as violent and sexual; and lastly, Sims adheres to the idea that female characters later embodied these traits to illustrate the important of women in film. Unlike Quinn and Sims, Guerrero does not see the important of the gender dynamics of the black heroine within Blaxploitation.

Network Methodology Essay

We surveyed much more about t Ncell through the use of various sources. Through these surveys we came to know about different aspects about Ncell. But we tried to get more insight of the consumers or the users of Ncell . With this prime motives we all decided to conduct a small Consumer Feedback Survey among the users of Ncell. We asked them the close ended questionnaire as a part of our primary survey . These questionnaire were distributed among the 20 Ncell users To know the diversified customers response we have selected the respondents from many sector llike professionals, Students , housewife and so on. The nature of our questionare were solely based on the satisfaction level,attitude towards product ,features of products. The sample of the questionnaire is presented below: Customer Feedback Survey-Questionnaire Name: Address: Contact: Email: Profession: Please tick the appropriate options Q. 1. What is your view on network quality of Ncell ? a) Excellent b)Good c)Average d)Below Average Q. 2. Which service of Ncell do you use most? a)Call b) GPRS/3G c)Data card d)others Q. How expensive do you think is the price of Ncell service? a)Cheap b)Satisfactory c)Expensive d)Comparatively expensive Q. 4 How much money ( in average )do you spend in Ncell ? a)less then 100 b)R. S 100-250 C)R. S 250- 500 d)R. S 500 and above Q. 5 How does the feedback and customer care service respond to your problems ? a)Very Fast b)Average C)Satisfactory d)Slow response Q. 6 How is Advertising of Ncell? a) Persuasive b) Reinforcing c) Reminding d) Informative Q. How often do you get bonus scheme or offer fro m Ncell ? a) Frequently b) Very often c) Sometimes d) Rarely Q. 8 If you are using Ncell Internet service, how is it? a) Very fast b) comparatively fast c) Moderate d) slow Q. 9 What factor influenced you to purchase Ncell service? a) Media advertisement b) Hoarding board c) word of mouth d) References e) Non Q. 10 Do you have any suggestions that would help us to improve our Ncell service? Signature of the customer: Thank you for your kind cooperation Major Findings From the customer survey that we conducted with 20 different Ncell customers we have found some crucial results. According to them the network quality of Ncell service is good however some of them said it is excelled. Likewise talking about the services provided by Ncell many of them are using call and GPRS service, the majority of GPRS users are youth among them. Another important result we have found about the price that Most of the respondent said it is comparatively expensive (which mean the Ncell Price is expensive than its major rival NTC). However the service within the Ncell subscriber is not that expensive. The major factors affecting to purchase of Ncel Service are Media advertisement, hoarding board, word of mouth and references respectively. Moreover the advertising of the Ncell is more reinforcing according to the respondents however some of them said it is informative e also. Considering the aforementioned survey discussion now we would like to show here some figures and chart to understand the findings in more specific way.

Examples of Plural Tantum in English

Examples of Plural Tantum in English Plurale tantum is a  noun that appears only in the plural and doesnt ordinarily have a singular form (for example, jeans, pajamas, tweezers, shears, and scissors). Also known as a lexical plural. Plural:  pluralia tantum. Jeans, scissors, trousers, and glasses are great examples of plural tantum  nouns in the English language. Singular Tantum A noun that appears only in the singular formsuch as dirtis known as singulare tantum. Etymology of Plural Tantum Latin  for plural only Examples and Observations Richard Lederer [in Crazy English, 1990] asks, Doesnt it seem just a little loopy that we can make amends but never just one amend; that no matter how carefully we comb through the annals of history, we can never discover just one annal; that we can never pull a shenanigan, be in a doldrum, or get a jitter, a willy, a delerium tremen, a jimjam, or a heebie-jeebie? Lederer is alluding to pluralia tantum: Nouns that are always plural. Because they are not the result of pluralizing a singular, the complete plural form, -s and all, has to be stored in memory. Pluralia tantum in a sense are irregular regulars, and indeed they are happy to appear inside compounds: almsgiver (not almgiver), arms race (not arm race), blues rocker (not blue rocker), clothesbrush, Humanities department, jeans maker, newsmaker, oddsmaker, painstaking.(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Basic Books, 1999) Items of Clothing Lets take a look at other pluralia tantum in the pants/trousers family:(Mark Liberman, Language Log, Feb. 15, 2007) Outergarments: pants (orig. pantaloons), trousers, slacks, breeches/britches, bloomers, jeans, dungarees, bell bottoms, chinos, tights, shorts, trunks, Bermudas (extended to brand names: Levis, 501s, Wranglers, Calvins)Undergarments: underpants, long johns, skivvies, drawers, panties, knickers, boxers, briefs, undies, tighty-whities (extended to brand names: BVDs, Fruit of the Looms, Jockeys) How to Turn Lexical Plurals Into Count Nouns Nouns for articles of dress consisting of two parts are also treated as plural: [A] Where ​are my trousers?[B] They are in the bedroom where you put them. But such plural nouns can be turned into ordinary count nouns by means of a pair of or pairs of: I need to buy a new pair of trousers.How many pairs of blue jeans do you have? (Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2013) Lexical Concepts, Not Linguistic Classes The definitional property of having no singular turns out to be shallow and sometimes accidental, often (as in English) practically impossible to define and circumscribe. The state of affairs resembles the status of the mass-count distinction. . . . While they remain necessary as descriptive concepts, mass and count cannot be defined as grammatical properties of lexical items outside of a context, as Borer (2005) cogently shows. In the same way, I think, pluralia and singularia tantum are indispensable descriptive concepts, but they are not genuine linguistic classes. Therefore, we cannot build a notion of lexical plurals around that of pluralia tantum.(Paolo Acquaviva, Lexical Plurals: A Morphosemantic Approach. Oxford University Press, 2008)

Diamonds Are a Capitalists Best Friends essays

Diamonds Are a Capitalist's Best Friends essays Everyone knows that we as humans need only a few material things for survival (food, clothing, and shelter). Yet, the capitalist society in which we live today is centered around the production, marketing, and exchange of commodities (no matter how trivial and useless they may be). It follows then that capitalists, in their constant search for profit, must engineer reasons for us to buy their products. They must convince us that while yes, we can live without them, we cannot live happily without them. They do this by attributing seemingly magical personalitites to those products. This fetish, which is exemplified in every diamond ring, converts societal relations involving people into relations involving things. Since labor has become abstract, we are no longer conscious of the methods of human labor that produces commodities, and we are thus left with only the market factions to classify the value of these goods-and the qualities of our lives. To deepen our understanding, let us first examine what a commodity is and why its so special. A commodity is anything produced for exchange-by its properties it satisfies some type of human desire. The odd thing about a commodity is it leads a double life so to speak. It is a product of labour made not just for use, but for exchange. Once a product has been put up for sale it obtains an attribute that is not naturally there -exchangeablitiy. For example, a diamond can be used for its asthetics or to cut glass (its use-value), or it can be sold for money(its value). Interestingly, before capitalism, production in most parts of the world was production for use. Aristotle said that of everthing we posses there are two uses. One is the proper use, the second is improper. A sandal, for example, is properly used as footwear. But this same sandle can also be exchanged for food or money. It is true, exchange is also a use; but it is not the proper or primary way a sand...

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP Research Proposal

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP LEVEL in the diagnosis of Heart failure - Research Proposal Example To help establish the outcomes, the study will be embedded on extracting DNA samples from 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization and analyzing with exclusion done on patients with elevated troponin. This will be driven by a detailed data collection including laboratory, standard demographic, catheterization and echocardiographic data. The Genotype will be evaluated at 19 loci on five BNP’s pathway relevant genes (Knowles, Erickson, Guy et al, 2003). To access the incremental influence of the genetic variants, the researcher will employ the Multivariate linear regression of logBNP model adjusted for clinical variables. The proposal will thus try to help properly incorporate the use of NPs to improve the levels of accuracy with respect to decisions made in an emergency setting to curb the missed incidence of diagnostic failures for HF. This will be measured by reduced cases of fatigue, dyspnea, and fluid retention that are all predisposing factors to HF based on cardiac dysfunction hence presenting difficulties in diagnosing HF. The missed incidence are hence strongly correlate to highly significant mortality increases, presenting the need for designing effective diagnostic tools with higher degrees of specification and sensitivity that if employed, can help weed out the increased cases of HF missed diagnose s and particularly, in the busy Heart failure is characterized by its typical but non-specific symptoms like fatigue, dyspnea and fluid retention caused by dysfunction of cardiac which present daunting challenges for diagnosis of HF culminating into increased missed incidence hence higher mortality rates. For this reason, the topic has captured the attention of various researchers to help design effective mechanism and approaches that can be used during diagnosis to detect this catastrophic cardiovascular disease quickly and accurately. For instance, to gauge the potentiality of NPs in augmenting the clinical judgment and/or standard

Display design for or a museun, gallery, shop ,church, palace or Essay - 1

Display design for or a museun, gallery, shop ,church, palace or temporary exhibition - Essay Example The display remains steady and usable to date a feature that portrays the appropriateness off the display and subsequent renovations done to the facility that have sustained the position of the display thereby finding the display some relevance among the display and architectural accolades in the contemporary society as the essay below portrays. The portrayal of space comes naturally to the display of the church; the freestanding display has specific features that facilitate free movement of people, lighting, and aeration thereby facilitating its sustainability. The cathedral exemplifies effective consumption of space as it houses numerous offices of the diocese and the parish. From the large church with a naval height of twenty two meters and the numerous compartments throughout the floor that serve as offices to the dioceses, the cathedral is self-sustaining with the displayers ensuring that key features of the cathedral such as lighting, aeration and the management of the temperature remained self-sustained. The numerous compartments that extend to the heights of the towers do not obstruct the doors and windows. The church hall therefore extends to the walls all-round the display thereby perpetuating the free flow of light and air that keeps the church aerated throughout the service. Additionally, the displayers ensured that all the rooms and compartments in the cathedral remained easily accessible depending on their relevance to the main church. Display is a fundamental feature of the display that the displayers considered. The displayers ensured that the display remained elegant to date. Among the elements of display the cathedral exemplify include presentation. The freestanding cathedral enjoys glamorous ambience arising from the large and stylishly displayed laws to the strong tall towers that earns the cathedral its towering attribute in the neighborhood. As explained earlier, aeration, lighting and